英语基础语法

语法概述

英语当中所有的语法可以归纳位10+9+8,10个词性，9个句子成分，8个句型。这就是英语中所有相对应的语法。

动词

动词的分类

英语中的动词可以分为实义动词、助动词、前台动词和系动词。其中助动词与情态动词是不能够充当谓语的。

实义动词

实义动词也就是具有实际意义的动词。实义动词可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。

助动词

协助主要动词构成位于的单词。没有实际意义，构成时代、语态、否定句、强调句。主要又have/do/be.接下来我们举几个例子简要介绍：
be动词：

1. He is always spilling things. (be 构成进行时)
2. This sentence was written. (be 构成被动语态)
   have:
3. I have read many books. (have 帮助完成完成时)
4. I have be dreaming it for so long. (have 帮助完成进行时)
   do:
5. He didn’t put his coffee in a cup with a lid.(帮助完成否定句)
6. Why did you do that?(帮助完成疑问句)
7. Do come with us.（帮助完成强调句）

情态动词

情态动词具有词义，但是需要与实意动词一起使用。情态动词主要有：

1. may,might
2. can,could,be able to
3. will, would
4. shall,should

系动词

系动词是指具有实际意义且其后能够直接增加表语的一类动词，其主要由：

1. 状态系动词(be系列，am\is\are\was\were…)
2. 感官动词系列(feel,look,smell,sound,taste,seem,appear…)
3. 变化系动词（get,become,turn,grow…）
4. 持续系动词 (keep,stay,remain,rest…)

动词的四大语法

时态

英语中一共有十六种时态，但是常用的只有六种。

对于常用的6种，我们可以归纳为大时间、小时态。首先我们要分析全文中描述的时间：

1. 过去:一般过去时、过去完成时、现在完成时
2. 现在:一般现在时、现在进行时
3. 将来：一般将来时

   一般现在时

4. 形式
   1. 肯定形式：第三人称但是用三单；其他使用原型
   2. 否定形式：主语+do/does+not+原型
   3. 疑问形式：疑问词+do/does+主语+谓语动词原型
5. 用法：
   1. 现阶段发生的事情：I feel great!
   2. 经常性、习惯性发生的动作： I never drink coffee before 12.00 o’clock.
   3. 表示客观真理： Teachear told us that the earth is running around the sun.

一般过去时

1. 形式
   1. 肯定形式：主语+动词过去式
   2. 否定形式：主语+did+not+原型
   3. 疑问形式：疑问词+did+主语+谓语动词原型
2. 用法：
   1. 过去发生的事情：I went to the hospital to have a test yesterday.

一般将来时

1. 形式
   1. 肯定形式：主语+will+动词过去式
   2. 否定形式：主语+won’t(will not)+原型
   3. 疑问形式：疑问词+will+主语+谓语动词原型
2. 用法：
   1. 表示将来要发生的事情： I will go to Beijing somedays later.

现在进行时

1. 形式
   1. 肯定形式：主语+be+动词ing
   2. 否定形式：主语+be+not+doing
   3. 疑问形式：疑问词+be+主语+doing
2. 用法：
   1. 表示动作正在发生： I am writing my Bolg.

现在完成时

1. 形式
   1. 肯定形式：主语+have/has+done
   2. 否定形式：主语+have/has+done
   3. 疑问形式：疑问词+have/has+done
2. 用法：
   1. 表示过去的过去： I have finished my my first year in college.

语态

动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。我们主要介绍被动语态。其中有四个问题：

被动语态的定义

动作的承受者作为句子的主语叫做被动语态。

主动与被动语态之间的转换

1. 将宾语改成主语。
2. 将动词改成be done
3. 将主语用by的形式标出，或者省略。
   例子:
   He gave the book to me.
   The book was given to me by him.

接下来我们介绍几种特殊情况：

1. 双宾：
   1. 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留；
   2. 把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，间接宾语要使用to连接。
      例：
      His teacher gave him a dictionary.
      He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
      A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.
2. 宾补:
   如果只有一个词能够作为被动语态的主语则为宾补的情况。
   I paint the house white.
   The house is painted whited by me.
3. 加to
   不带to的不定时需要增加to.
   I let him finished homework.
   he was let to finished homework.
4. 动词短语做谓语
   动词短语需要完整保留。

非谓语动词

非谓语动词时英语种一系列不做位于且也不是系动词的用法总称。

非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词分为三种：不定式 to do,分词 doing/done, 动名词 doing.其中不定时可以做除谓语外的任意成分，而分词只能做定语，状语，补语。动名词相当于名词，其可以做主语，宾语，标表语，定语。

非谓语动词的使用

主语

动词不定式做主语

动词不定式表示不确定，也意味着不一定发生或之后可能发生。

1. To save time is to lengthen life.
2. It is important to study English well.

   动名词做主语

   指定是动作发生的过程或者已经确定或者发生的过程。
3. Swimming is good exercise.
4. It is no use talking to him.

宾语

动词不定式做宾语

动词不定式做宾语也表示不确定，不一定会发生，或者之后可能发生。

1. He wants to go to the zoo tomorrow.
2. I think it necessary to report the thing to the teacher.

   动名词做宾语

   指定是动作发生的过程或者已经确定或者发生的过程。
3. I enjoy listening to music.
4. He is thinking of going abord.

表语

动词不定式做宾语

动词不定式做表语也表示不确定，不一定会发生，或者之后可能发生。

1. My ambition is to be a famous singer.
2. She seems to go with us.

   动名词做表语

   指定是动作发生的过程或者已经确定或者发生的过程。
3. Jack’s hobby is eating.

定语

不定式、分词、动名词都能够做定语，其用于修饰主语、宾语、表语。

及物动词

1. Who is the man standing there?
2. This is the sleeping man.
3. This is the book written by Luxun in 1918.
4. This is the broken window.

不及物动词

不及物动词做非谓语时，to do表示未发生或者不确定，doing 表示正在进行，done表示完成。

状语

非谓语动词的独立主格

接下来我们先比较两句话：

1. Singing and dancing, Bobo came in.

2. Xiao hua singing and dancing, Bobo came in.
   独立主格就是在非谓语动词做状语的基础上，非谓语动词不再由主句主语发出。而由独立主格结构的主语发出。

3. 名词/代词+doing:表示主动；动作发生或者状态存在
   Xiao hua singing and dancing, Bobo came in.
   The trees there are extremely tall, some mearsuring over 90 memters.

4. 名词/代词+done:表示被动；动作发生或者状态存在
   The test finished, we began our holiday.
   More time given, I can finish the work.

5. 名词/代词+to do:表示主动；动作未发生或者状态未存在
   His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing dinner.
   Lots of work to be finished, we have to get up early.

虚拟语气

英语中出现的语气主要由三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

1. He is honest. (陈述语气)
2. Don’t be late next time. (祈使语气)
3. If I were you, I would not go. (虚拟语气)
4. I wish I had a lot of money. (虚拟语气)

虚拟语气是对暂时不可能实现的事物进行评论时候使用的句式。虚拟语气往往出现在条件句中，虚拟语气就出现在非真实的条件句中。

规律总结：从句都要往过去推一个时态。与现在相反就要使用过去时，与过去相反就要使用过去完成时。

三大从句

英语中的三大从句分别是：定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。在英语中有三种单词能够被句子替代，分别是：形容词被定语从句替代、副词被状语从句替代、名词被名词性从句替代。

定语从句

1. 定语从句：修饰句中的名词或者代词的从句。
2. 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或者代词。
3. 关系代词/关系副词：引导定语从句的词。
   例子：
   I know the girl. A girl is talking to Tom.
   I know the girl who is talking to Tom.

关系代词

接下来我们介绍不同的关系代词：
当修饰人时：

1. 做主语：who,whom,that
2. 做宾语：whom,that
3. 做定语：whose
   修饰物时：
4. 做主语、宾语：which,that
5. 做定语：whose

当定语从句中的介词提前的时候，我们只能使用who/whom/which而不能使用that.

关系副词

关系副词有三个包括：why,when,where.修饰时间用when,地点用where,原因使用why.

名词性从句

名词能够做主语、表语、宾语、同位语。由此产生了主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。
在名词性从句中连接词的选用仅仅与需要表达的意思有关，而其他成分没有必然联系。

主语从句

在从句中充当主语，例如：

1. How the boy behaved was not very polite.
2. When he will be there is unsure.
3. What she wrote surprised her family.

   宾语从句

   在主句中充当宾语，例如：
4. She didn’t realize that the directions were wrong.
5. He didn’t know why the stove wasn’t working.
6. They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.

   同位语从句

   在从句中充当宾语，例如：
7. Our knowledge that students can become independent learners drives our work.
8. The issue whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
9. The fact that we will come back soon excited everyone.

   表语从句

   在从句中充表语，例如：
10. The foucus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively.
11. My greatest asset is that I am a hard-working worker.

状语从句

状语从句用来修饰整个句子，比较灵活，连词的选用主要依据连词的意思。

时间状语从句

1. When the outside got dark, Susan’s face turned into dark.
2. She gave everyone a present before she left.
3. No one left the room until the talk ended.

地点状语从句

1. I like to have him next to me where I can keep an eye on him.
   注意区分地点状语从句与定语从句，如果修饰前面的名词则为定语从句，否则则为地点状语从句。

原因状语从句

英语中有许多个连词都可以表达因为的意思，because,as,in that…

1. Just because I don’t complain. people think I’m satisfied.
2. As it was getting to late, I decided to book into a hotel.
3. The research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol.

让步状语从句

表达尽管的意思的状语从句。

1. Despite repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people stopped buying it.
2. Although/Though he is very old, he is quite healthy.
3. No matter what happened, he would persist.

目的状语从句

表达为了…意义的状语从句，常见连词有In order,for, so that…

1. In order that he should not be late again, his mother woke him up at 6:00 am.
2. He walked fast for fear that he should be late.
3. He works hard at his lessons so that he could perform in the exams.

结果状语从句

表达为了如此…以至于…,常见的引导词有：so…that, such…that,…

1. The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it.
2. It was really cold, so that the river froze.
3. His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.

条件状语从句

表达为了如果,常见的引导词有：If, as long as, unless, provided that等等

1. If we hurry, we may catch the bus.
2. As long as you do that, then the rest is kind of simple and easy.
3. Nothing will come of it, unless disaster.
4. He’s welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.

方式状语从句

表达为了好像的意思,常见的引导词有：as if等

1. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it happened yesterday.

比较状语从句

表达为了好像的意思,常见的引导词有：more…more

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